![]() The English had learned from previous encounters with the Spanish fleet and so used new and more successful tactics. The Duke of Medina Sedonia was unable to reform the Spanish fleet at Calais, due to a south-easterly wind, and was forced to regroup at Gravelines, and this is where the English struck. The high winds at Calais caused an inferno which resulted in complete chaos and the Armada's crescent formation was wrecked as galleons scattered in panic. ![]() Hell-burners were fire-ships, ships that were packed with wood and pitch and set alight. ![]() The English fleet were taking advantage of the damage they’d done the previous night, 28th July 1588, when five hell-burners had been ordered to be sent amongst the galleons of the Spanish Armada at Calais. On this day in Tudor history, 29th July 1588, the English naval fleet attacked the Spanish Armada in a battle known as the Battle of Gravelines because it took place just off the port of Gravelines, a Spanish stronghold in Flanders, part of the Spanish Netherlands, but near the border with France. Coppinger was an associate of William Hacket, who had been executed the day before. 1591 – Death of Edmund Coppinger, puritan and alleged prophet, after a 7-8 day hunger strike.1589 – Hanging of Agnes Waterhouse, one of the Essex Witches, at Chelmsford in Essex.1573 – Death of John Caius, scholar, Physician to Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I, and founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, at his home near St Bartholomew's Hospital.Neville was Archdeacon of Carlisle and Rector of Salkeld, Spofforth and Morland. ![]()
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